Comprehensive consultation means getting to grips with the full range of stakeholders.

And there are so many of them. Where have they all come from?

The truth is that the impact of many decisions has not always been fully appreciated. Public policy decisions in particular have to be taken in such complex environments with such interlocking relationships between agencies and their programmes that the law of unintended consequences often operates.

But civic society has become wise – and has gradually learned to organise. Aided hugely by new technology, and supported by capacity-building measures from umbrella bodies and national pressure groups, there are now thousands of community and voluntary organisations in every county. Add to this, the established trade associations, companies and professional associations. Then there are all the other statutory bodies…….